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# Python - Basic Operators

# What is an operator?

Simple answer can be given using expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator. Python language supports following type of operators.

- Arithmetic Operators

- Comparision Operators

- Logical (or Relational) Operators

- Assignment Operators

- Conditional (or ternary) Operators

Lets have a look on all operators one by one.

# Python Arithmetic Operators:

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then:

Operator | Description | Example
--- | --- | ---
+ | Addition - Adds values on either side of the operator | a + b will give 30
- | Subtraction - Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand | a - b will give -10
* | Multiplication - Multiplies values on either side of the operator | a * b will give 200
/ | Division - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand | b / a will give 2
% | Modulus - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder | b % a will give 0
** | Exponent - Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators | a**b will give 10 to the power 20
// | Floor Division - The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are removed. | 9//2 is equal to 4 and 9.0//2.0 is equal to 4.0

# Python Comparison Operators:

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then:

Operator | Description | Example
--- | --- | ---
== | Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a == b) is not true.
!= | Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. | (a != b) is true.
<> | Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. | (a <> b) is true. This is similar to != operator.
> | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a > b) is not true.
< | Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a < b) is true.
>= | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a >= b) is not true.
<= | Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (a <= b) is true.

# Python Assignment Operators:

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then:

Operator | Description | Example
--- | --- | ---
= | Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand | c = a + b will assigne value of a + b into c
+= | Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand | c += a is equivalent to c = c + a
-= | Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand | c -= a is equivalent to c = c - a
*= | Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand | c *= a is equivalent to c = c * a
/= | Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand | c /= a is equivalent to c = c / a
%= | Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand | c %= a is equivalent to c = c % a
**= | Exponent AND assignment operator, Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators and assign value to the left operand | c **= a is equivalent to c = c ** a
//= | Floor Dividion and assigns a value, Performs floor division on operators and assign value to the left operand | c //= a is equivalent to c = c // a

# Python Bitwise Operators:

Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit by bit operation.

Assume if a = 60; and b = 13; Now in binary format they will be as follows:

a = 0011 1100

b = 0000 1101

-----------------

a&b = 0000 1100

a|b = 0011 1101

a^b = 0011 0001

~a = 1100 0011

There are following Bitwise operators supported by Python language

Operator | Description | Example
--- | --- | ---
& | Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. | (a & b) will give 12 which is 0000 1100
| | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in eather operand. | (a | b) will give 61 which is 0011 1101
^ | Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. | (a ^ b) will give 49 which is 0011 0001
~ | Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the efect of 'flipping' bits. | (~a ) will give -60 which is 1100 0011
<< | Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | a << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
>> | Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | a >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111

# Python Logical Operators:

There are following logical operators supported by Python language

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then:

Operator | Description | Example
--- | --- | ---
and | Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are true then then condition becomes true. | (a and b) is true.
or | Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands are non zero then then condition becomes true. | (a or b) is true.
not | Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false. | not(a and b) is false.

# Python Membership Operators:

In addition to the operators discussed previously, Python has membership operators, which test for membership in a sequence, such as strings, lists, or tuples.

There are two membership operators explained below:

Operator | Description | Example
--- | --- | ---
in | Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise. | x in y, here in results in a 1 if x is a member of sequence y.
not in | Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise. | x not in y, here not in results in a 1 if x is a member of sequence y.

# Python Identity Operators:

Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects.

There are two Identity operators explained below:

Operator | Description | Example
--- | --- | ---
is | Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and false otherwise. | x is y, here is results in 1 if id(x) equals id(y).
is not | Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and true otherwise. | x is not y, here is not results in 1 if id(x) is not equal to id(y).

# Python Operators Precedence

The following table lists all operators from highest precedence to lowest.

Operator | Description
--- | ---
** | Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~ + - | Ccomplement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and -@)
* / % // | Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
+ - | Addition and subtraction
>> << | Right and left bitwise shift
& | Bitwise 'AND'
^ | | Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
<= < > >= | Comparison operators
<> == != | Equality operators
= %= /= //= -= += *= **= | Assignment operators
is is not | Identity operators
in not in | Membership operators
not or and | Logical operators

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