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# Web Services with Ruby - SOAP4R

## What is SOAP ?

The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is a cross-platform and language-independent RPC protocol based on XML and, usually (but not necessarily) HTTP.

It uses XML to encode the information that makes the remote procedure call, and HTTP to transport that information across a network from clients to servers and vice versa.

SOAP has several advantages over other technologies like COM, CORBA etc: for example, its relatively cheap deployment and debugging costs, its extensibility and ease-of-use, and the existence of several implementations for different languages and platforms.

Please refer to out simple tutorial to understand SOAP.

This tutorial will make you familiar to the SOAP implementation for Ruby (SOAP4R). This is a basic tutorial, so if you need a deep detail you would need to refer other resources.

## Installing SOAP4R:

SOAP4R is the SOAP implementation for Ruby developed by Hiroshi Nakamura and can be downloaded from:

NOTE: There may be a great chance that you already have installed this component.

    Download SOAP

If you are aware of gem utility then you can use following command to install SOAP4R and related packages.

    $ gem install soap4r --include-dependencies

If you are working on Windows then you need to download a zipped file from the above location and need to install it using standard installation method by running ruby install.rb.

# Writing SOAP4R Servers:

SOAP4R supports two different types of servers:

- CGI/FastCGI based (SOAP::RPC::CGIStub)

- Standalone (SOAP::RPC:StandaloneServer)

This tutorial will give deatail on writing a stand alone server. There are following steps involved in writing a SOAP server:

## Step 1 - Inherit SOAP::RPC::StandaloneServer Class:

To implement your own stand alone server you need to write a new class which will be child of SOAP::StandaloneServer as follows:

    class MyServer < SOAP::RPC::StandaloneServer
      ...............
    end

NOTE: If you want to write a FastCGI based server then you need to take SOAP::RPC::CGIStub as parent class, rest of the procedure will remain same.

## Step 2 - Define Handler Methods:

Second step is to write your Web Services methods which you would like to expose to the outside world.

They can be written as simple Ruby methods. For example, lets write two methods two add two numbers and divid two numbers:

    class MyServer < SOAP::RPC::StandaloneServer
       ...............

       # Handler methods
       def add(a, b)
          return a + b
       end
       def div(a, b)
          return a / b
       end
    end

## Step 3 - Expose Handler Methods:

Next step is to add our defined methods to our server. The initialize method is used to expose service methods with one of the two following methods:

    class MyServer < SOAP::RPC::StandaloneServer
       def initialize(*args)
          add_method(receiver, methodName, *paramArg)
       end
    end

Here is the description of the parameters:

Paramter | Description
--- | ---
receiver | The object that contains the methodName method. you define the service methods in the same class as the methodDef method, this parameter is self.
methodName | The name of the method that is called due to a RPC request.
paramArg | Specifies, when given, the parameter names and parameter modes.

To understand the usage of inout or out parameters, consider the following service method that takes two parameters (inParam and inoutParam), returns one normal return value (retVal) and two further parameters: inoutParam and outParam:

    def aMeth(inParam, inoutParam)
       retVal = inParam + inoutParam
       outParam = inParam . inoutParam
       inoutParam = inParam * inoutParam
       return retVal, inoutParam, outParam
    end

Now we can expose this method as follows:

    add_method(self, 'aMeth', [
        %w(in inParam),
        %w(inout inoutParam),
        %w(out outParam),
        %w(retval return)
    ])

## Step 4 - Start the Server:

The final step is to start your server by instantiating one instance of the derived class and calling start method.

    myServer = MyServer.new('ServerName',
                            'urn:ruby:ServiceName', hostname, port)

    myServer.start

Here is the description of required parameters :

Paramter | Description
--- | ---
ServerName | A server name, you can give what you like most.
urn:ruby:ServiceName | Here urn:ruby is constant but you can give a unique ServiceName name for this server.
hostname | Specifies the hostname on which this server will listen.
port | An available port number to be used for the web service.

## Example:

Now using above steps, let us write one standalone server:

    require "soap/rpc/standaloneserver"

    begin
       class MyServer < SOAP::RPC::StandaloneServer

          # Expose our services
          def initialize(*args)
             add_method(self, 'add', 'a', 'b')
             add_method(self, 'div', 'a', 'b')
          end

          # Handler methods
          def add(a, b)
             return a + b
          end
          def div(a, b)
             return a / b
          end
      end
      server = MyServer.new("MyServer",
                'urn:ruby:calculation', 'localhost', 8080)
      trap('INT){
         server.shutdown
      }
      server.start
    rescue => err
      puts err.message
    end

When executed, this server application starts a standalone SOAP server on localhost and listens for requests on port 8080. It exposes one service methods, add and div, which takes two parameters and return the result.

Now you can run this server in background as follows:

    $ ruby MyServer.rb&

# Writing SOAP4R Clients:

The SOAP::RPC::Driver class provides support for writing SOAP client applications. This tutorial will describe this class and demonstrate its usage on the basis of an application.

Following is the bare minimum information you would need to call a SOAP service:

- The URL of the SOAP service (SOAP Endpoint URL)

- The namespace of the service methods (Method Namespace URI)

- The names of the service methods and their parameters

Now we will write a SOAP client which would call service methods defined in above example, named add and div.

Here are the main steps to create a SOAP client:

## Step 1 - Create a SOAP Driver Instance:

We create an instance of SOAP::RPC::Driver by calling its new method as follows:

    SOAP::RPC::Driver.new(endPoint, nameSpace, soapAction)

Here is the description of required parameters :

Paramter | Description
--- | ---
endPoint | URL of the SOAP server to connect with.
nameSpace | The namespace to use for all RPCs done with this SOAP::RPC::Driver object.
soapAction | A value for the SOAPAction field of the HTTP header. If nil this defaults to the empty string ""

## Step 2 - Add Service Methods:

To add a SOAP service method to a SOAP::RPC::Driver we can call the following method using SOAP::RPC::Driver instance:

    driver.add_method(name, *paramArg)

Here is the description of the parameters:

Paramter | Description
--- | ---
name | The name of the remote web service method.
paramArg | Specifies the names of the remote procedures' parameters.

## Step 3 - Invoke SOAP service:

The final step is to invoice SOAP service using SOAP::RPC::Driver instance as follows:

    result = driver.serviceMethod(paramArg...)

Here serviceMethod is the actual web service method and paramArg... is the list parameters required to pass in the service method.

## Example:

Based on the above steps, we will write a SOAP client as follows:

    #!/usr/bin/ruby -w

    require 'soap/rpc/driver'

    NAMESPACE = 'urn:ruby:calculation'
    URL = 'http://localhost:8080/'

    begin
       driver = SOAP::RPC::Driver.new(URL, NAMESPACE)

       # Add remote sevice methods
       driver.add_method('add', 'a', 'b')

       # Call remote service methods
       puts driver.add(20, 30)
    rescue => err
       puts err.message
    end

# Further Readings:

I have explained you just very basic concepts of Web Services with Ruby. If you want to drill down it further then there is following link to find more detail on Web Services with Ruby.

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