wget - Unix, Linux Command
NAME
Wget - The non-interactive network downloader.
SYNOPSIS
wget [option]... [URL]...
DESCRIPTION
GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download of files from
the Web. It supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols, as
well as retrieval through HTTP proxies.
Wget is non-interactive, meaning that it can work in the background,
while the user is not logged on. This allows you to start a retrieval
and disconnect from the system, letting Wget finish the work. By
contrast, most of the Web browsers require constant users presence,
which can be a great hindrance when transferring a lot of data.
Wget can follow links in HTML and XHTML pages and create local
versions of remote web sites, fully recreating the directory structure of
the original site. This is sometimes referred to as recursive
downloading. While doing that, Wget respects the Robot Exclusion
Standard (/robots.txt). Wget can be instructed to convert the
links in downloaded HTML files to the local files for offline
viewing.
Wget has been designed for robustness over slow or unstable network
connections; if a download fails due to a network problem, it will
keep retrying until the whole file has been retrieved. If the server
supports regetting, it will instruct the server to continue the
download from where it left off.
OPTIONS
Option Syntax
Since Wget uses GNU getopt to process command-line arguments, every
option has a long form along with the short one. Long options are
more convenient to remember, but take time to type. You may freely
mix different option styles, or specify options after the command-line
arguments. Thus you may write:
The space between the option accepting an argument and the argument may
be omitted. Instead of -o log you can write -olog.
You may put several options that do not require arguments together,
like:
This is a complete equivalent of:
Since the options can be specified after the arguments, you may
terminate them with --. So the following will try to download
URL -x, reporting failure to log:
The options that accept comma-separated lists all respect the convention
that specifying an empty list clears its value. This can be useful to
clear the .wgetrc settings. For instance, if your .wgetrc
sets exclude_directories to /cgi-bin, the following
example will first reset it, and then set it to exclude /~nobody
and /~somebody. You can also clear the lists in .wgetrc.
wget -X " -X /~nobody,/~somebody
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Most options that do not accept arguments are boolean options,
so named because their state can be captured with a yes-or-no
(boolean) variable. For example, --follow-ftp tells Wget
to follow FTP links from HTML files and, on the other hand,
--no-glob tells it not to perform file globbing on FTP URLs. A
boolean option is either affirmative or negative
(beginning with --no). All such options share several
properties.
Unless stated otherwise, it is assumed that the default behavior is
the opposite of what the option accomplishes. For example, the
documented existence of --follow-ftp assumes that the default
is to not follow FTP links from HTML pages.
Affirmative options can be negated by prepending the --no- to
the option name; negative options can be negated by omitting the
--no- prefix. This might seem superfluous---if the default for
an affirmative option is to not do something, then why provide a way
to explicitly turn it off? But the startup file may in fact change
the default. For instance, using follow_ftp = off in
.wgetrc makes Wget not follow FTP links by default, and
using --no-follow-ftp is the only way to restore the factory
default from the command line.
Basic Startup Options
Tag | Description |
-V
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--version
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Display the version of Wget.
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-h
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--help
|
Print a help message describing all of Wgets command-line options.
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-b
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--background
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Go to background immediately after startup. If no output file is
specified via the -o, output is redirected to wget-log.
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-e command
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--execute command
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Execute command as if it were a part of .wgetrc. A command thus invoked will be executed
after the commands in .wgetrc, thus taking precedence over
them. If you need to specify more than one wgetrc command, use multiple
instances of -e.
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Logging and Input File Options
Tag | Description |
-o logfile
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--output-file=logfile
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Log all messages to logfile. The messages are normally reported
to standard error.
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-a logfile
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--append-output=logfile
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Append to logfile. This is the same as -o, only it appends
to logfile instead of overwriting the old log file. If
logfile does not exist, a new file is created.
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-d
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--debug
|
Turn on debug output, meaning various information important to the
developers of Wget if it does not work properly. Your system
administrator may have chosen to compile Wget without debug support, in
which case -d will not work. Please note that compiling with
debug support is always safe---Wget compiled with the debug support will
not print any debug info unless requested with -d.
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-q
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--quiet
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Turn off Wgets output.
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-v
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--verbose
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Turn on verbose output, with all the available data. The default output
is verbose.
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-nv
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--no-verbose
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Turn off verbose without being completely quiet (use -q for
that), which means that error messages and basic information still get
printed.
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-i file
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--input-file=file
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Read URLs from file. If - is specified as
file, URLs are read from the standard input. (Use
./- to read from a file literally named -.)
If this function is used, no URLs need be present on the command
line. If there are URLs both on the command line and in an input
file, those on the command lines will be the first ones to be
retrieved. The file need not be an HTML document (but no
harm if it is)---it is enough if the URLs are just listed
sequentially.
However, if you specify --force-html, the document will be
regarded as html. In that case you may have problems with
relative links, which you can solve either by adding <base
href="url"> to the documents or by specifying
--base=url on the command line.
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-F
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--force-html
|
When input is read from a file, force it to be treated as an HTML
file. This enables you to retrieve relative links from existing
HTML files on your local disk, by adding <base
href="url"> to HTML, or using the --base command-line
option.
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-B URL
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--base=URL
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Prepends URL to relative links read from the file specified with
the -i option.
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Download Options
Tag | Description |
--bind-address=ADDRESS
|
When making client TCP/IP connections, bind to ADDRESS on
the local machine. ADDRESS may be specified as a hostname or IP
address. This option can be useful if your machine is bound to multiple
IPs.
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-t number
|
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--tries=number
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Set number of retries to number. Specify 0 or inf for
infinite retrying. The default is to retry 20 times, with the exception
of fatal errors like connection refused or not found (404),
which are not retried.
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-O file
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--output-document=file
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The documents will not be written to the appropriate files, but all
will be concatenated together and written to file. If -
is used as file, documents will be printed to standard output,
disabling link conversion. (Use ./- to print to a file
literally named -.)
Use of -O is not intended to mean simply "use the name
file instead of the one in the URL;" rather, it is
analogous to shell redirection:
wget -O file http://foo is intended to work like
wget -O - http://foo > file; file will be truncated
immediately, and all downloaded content will be written there.
For this reason, -N (for timestamp-checking) is not supported
in combination with -O: since file is always newly
created, it will always have a very new timestamp. A warning will be
issued if this combination is used.
Similarly, using -r or -p with -O may not work as
you expect: Wget wont just download the first file to file and
then download the rest to their normal names: all downloaded
content will be placed in file. This was disabled in version
1.11, but has been reinstated (with a warning) in 1.11.2, as there are
some cases where this behavior can actually have some use.
Note that a combination with -k is only permitted when
downloading a single document, as in that case it will just convert
all relative URIs to external ones; -k makes no sense for
multiple URIs when theyre all being downloaded to a single file.
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-nc
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--no-clobber
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If a file is downloaded more than once in the same directory, Wgets
behavior depends on a few options, including -nc. In certain
cases, the local file will be clobbered, or overwritten, upon
repeated download. In other cases it will be preserved.
When running Wget without -N, -nc, -r, or p,
downloading the same file in the same directory will result in the
original copy of file being preserved and the second copy being
named file.1. If that file is downloaded yet again, the
third copy will be named file.2, and so on. When
-nc is specified, this behavior is suppressed, and Wget will
refuse to download newer copies of file. Therefore,
"no-clobber" is actually a misnomer in this mode---its not
clobbering thats prevented (as the numeric suffixes were already
preventing clobbering), but rather the multiple version saving thats
prevented.
When running Wget with -r or -p, but without -N
or -nc, re-downloading a file will result in the new copy
simply overwriting the old. Adding -nc will prevent this
behavior, instead causing the original version to be preserved and any
newer copies on the server to be ignored.
When running Wget with -N, with or without -r or
-p, the decision as to whether or not to download a newer copy
of a file depends on the local and remote timestamp and size of the
file. -nc may not be specified at the
same time as -N.
Note that when -nc is specified, files with the suffixes
.html or .htm will be loaded from the local disk and
parsed as if they had been retrieved from the Web.
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-c
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|
--continue
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Continue getting a partially-downloaded file. This is useful when you
want to finish up a download started by a previous instance of Wget, or
by another program. For instance:
If there is a file named ls-lR.Z in the current directory, Wget
will assume that it is the first portion of the remote file, and will
ask the server to continue the retrieval from an offset equal to the
length of the local file.
Note that you dont need to specify this option if you just want the
current invocation of Wget to retry downloading a file should the
connection be lost midway through. This is the default behavior.
-c only affects resumption of downloads started prior to
this invocation of Wget, and whose local files are still sitting around.
Without -c, the previous example would just download the remote
file to ls-lR.Z.1, leaving the truncated ls-lR.Z file
alone.
Beginning with Wget 1.7, if you use -c on a non-empty file, and
it turns out that the server does not support continued downloading,
Wget will refuse to start the download from scratch, which would
effectively ruin existing contents. If you really want the download to
start from scratch, remove the file.
Also beginning with Wget 1.7, if you use -c on a file which is of
equal size as the one on the server, Wget will refuse to download the
file and print an explanatory message. The same happens when the file
is smaller on the server than locally (presumably because it was changed
on the server since your last download attempt)---because continuing
is not meaningful, no download occurs.
On the other side of the coin, while using -c, any file thats
bigger on the server than locally will be considered an incomplete
download and only (length(remote) - length(local)) bytes will be
downloaded and tacked onto the end of the local file. This behavior can
be desirable in certain cases---for instance, you can use wget -c
to download just the new portion thats been appended to a data
collection or log file.
However, if the file is bigger on the server because its been
changed, as opposed to just appended to, youll end up
with a garbled file. Wget has no way of verifying that the local file
is really a valid prefix of the remote file. You need to be especially
careful of this when using -c in conjunction with -r,
since every file will be considered as an incomplete download candidate.
Another instance where youll get a garbled file if you try to use
-c is if you have a lame HTTP proxy that inserts a
transfer interrupted string into the local file. In the future a
rollback option may be added to deal with this case.
Note that -c only works with FTP servers and with HTTP
servers that support the Range header.
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--progress=type
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Select the type of the progress indicator you wish to use. Legal
indicators are dot and bar.
The bar indicator is used by default. It draws an ASCII progress
bar graphics (a.k.a thermometer display) indicating the status of
retrieval. If the output is not a TTY, the dot bar will be used by
default.
Use --progress=dot to switch to the dot display. It traces
the retrieval by printing dots on the screen, each dot representing a
fixed amount of downloaded data.
When using the dotted retrieval, you may also set the style by
specifying the type as dot:style. Different styles assign
different meaning to one dot. With the default style each dot
represents 1K, there are ten dots in a cluster and 50 dots in a line.
The binary style has a more computer-like orientation---8K
dots, 16-dots clusters and 48 dots per line (which makes for 384K
lines). The mega style is suitable for downloading very large
files---each dot represents 64K retrieved, there are eight dots in a
cluster, and 48 dots on each line (so each line contains 3M).
Note that you can set the default style using the progress
command in .wgetrc. That setting may be overridden from the
command line. The exception is that, when the output is not a TTY, the
dot progress will be favored over bar. To force the bar output,
use --progress=bar:force.
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-N
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--timestamping
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Turn on time-stamping.
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-S
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--server-response
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Print the headers sent by HTTP servers and responses sent by
FTP servers.
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--spider
|
When invoked with this option, Wget will behave as a Web spider,
which means that it will not download the pages, just check that they
are there. For example, you can use Wget to check your bookmarks:
wget --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html
|
This feature needs much more work for Wget to get close to the
functionality of real web spiders.
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-T seconds
|
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--timeout=seconds
|
Set the network timeout to seconds seconds. This is equivalent
to specifying --dns-timeout, --connect-timeout, and
--read-timeout, all at the same time.
When interacting with the network, Wget can check for timeout and
abort the operation if it takes too long. This prevents anomalies
like hanging reads and infinite connects. The only timeout enabled by
default is a 900-second read timeout. Setting a timeout to 0 disables
it altogether. Unless you know what you are doing, it is best not to
change the default timeout settings.
All timeout-related options accept decimal values, as well as
subsecond values. For example, 0.1 seconds is a legal (though
unwise) choice of timeout. Subsecond timeouts are useful for checking
server response times or for testing network latency.
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--dns-timeout=seconds
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Set the DNS lookup timeout to seconds seconds. DNS lookups that
dont complete within the specified time will fail. By default, there
is no timeout on DNS lookups, other than that implemented by system
libraries.
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--connect-timeout=seconds
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Set the connect timeout to seconds seconds. TCP connections that
take longer to establish will be aborted. By default, there is no
connect timeout, other than that implemented by system libraries.
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--read-timeout=seconds
|
Set the read (and write) timeout to seconds seconds. The
time of this timeout refers to idle time: if, at any point in
the download, no data is received for more than the specified number
of seconds, reading fails and the download is restarted. This option
does not directly affect the duration of the entire download.
Of course, the remote server may choose to terminate the connection
sooner than this option requires. The default read timeout is 900
seconds.
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--limit-rate=amount
|
Limit the download speed to amount bytes per second. Amount may
be expressed in bytes, kilobytes with the k suffix, or megabytes
with the m suffix. For example, --limit-rate=20k will
limit the retrieval rate to 20KB/s. This is useful when, for whatever
reason, you dont want Wget to consume the entire available bandwidth.
This option allows the use of decimal numbers, usually in conjunction
with power suffixes; for example, --limit-rate=2.5k is a legal
value.
Note that Wget implements the limiting by sleeping the appropriate
amount of time after a network read that took less time than specified
by the rate. Eventually this strategy causes the TCP transfer to slow
down to approximately the specified rate. However, it may take some
time for this balance to be achieved, so dont be surprised if limiting
the rate doesnt work well with very small files.
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-w seconds
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--wait=seconds
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Wait the specified number of seconds between the retrievals. Use of
this option is recommended, as it lightens the server load by making the
requests less frequent. Instead of in seconds, the time can be
specified in minutes using the m suffix, in hours using h
suffix, or in days using d suffix.
Specifying a large value for this option is useful if the network or the
destination host is down, so that Wget can wait long enough to
reasonably expect the network error to be fixed before the retry. The
waiting interval specified by this function is influenced by
--random-wait, which see.
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--waitretry=seconds
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If you dont want Wget to wait between every retrieval, but only
between retries of failed downloads, you can use this option. Wget will
use linear backoff, waiting 1 second after the first failure on a
given file, then waiting 2 seconds after the second failure on that
file, up to the maximum number of seconds you specify. Therefore,
a value of 10 will actually make Wget wait up to (1 + 2 + ... + 10) = 55
seconds per file.
Note that this option is turned on by default in the global
wgetrc file.
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--random-wait
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Some web sites may perform log analysis to identify retrieval programs
such as Wget by looking for statistically significant similarities in
the time between requests. This option causes the time between requests
to vary between 0.5 and 1.5 * wait seconds, where wait was
specified using the --wait option, in order to mask Wgets
presence from such analysis.
A 2001 article in a publication devoted to development on a popular
consumer platform provided code to perform this analysis on the fly.
Its author suggested blocking at the class C address level to ensure
automated retrieval programs were blocked despite changing DHCP-supplied
addresses.
The --random-wait option was inspired by this ill-advised
recommendation to block many unrelated users from a web site due to the
actions of one.
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--no-proxy
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Dont use proxies, even if the appropriate *_proxy environment
variable is defined.
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-Q quota
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--quota=quota
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Specify download quota for automatic retrievals. The value can be
specified in bytes (default), kilobytes (with k suffix), or
megabytes (with m suffix).
Note that quota will never affect downloading a single file. So if you
specify wget -Q10k ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/ls-lR.gz, all of the
ls-lR.gz will be downloaded. The same goes even when several
URLs are specified on the command-line. However, quota is
respected when retrieving either recursively, or from an input file.
Thus you may safely type wget -Q2m -i sites---download will be
aborted when the quota is exceeded.
Setting quota to 0 or to inf unlimits the download quota.
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--no-dns-cache
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Turn off caching of DNS lookups. Normally, Wget remembers the IP
addresses it looked up from DNS so it doesnt have to repeatedly
contact the DNS server for the same (typically small) set of hosts it
retrieves from. This cache exists in memory only; a new Wget run will
contact DNS again.
However, it has been reported that in some situations it is not
desirable to cache host names, even for the duration of a
short-running application like Wget. With this option Wget issues a
new DNS lookup (more precisely, a new call to gethostbyname or
getaddrinfo) each time it makes a new connection. Please note
that this option will not affect caching that might be
performed by the resolving library or by an external caching layer,
such as NSCD.
If you dont understand exactly what this option does, you probably
wont need it.
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--restrict-file-names=mode
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Change which characters found in remote URLs may show up in local file
names generated from those URLs. Characters that are restricted
by this option are escaped, i.e. replaced with %HH, where
HH is the hexadecimal number that corresponds to the restricted
character.
By default, Wget escapes the characters that are not valid as part of
file names on your operating system, as well as control characters that
are typically unprintable. This option is useful for changing these
defaults, either because you are downloading to a non-native partition,
or because you want to disable escaping of the control characters.
When mode is set to unix, Wget escapes the character / and
the control characters in the ranges 0--31 and 128--159. This is the
default on Unix-like OSes.
When mode is set to windows, Wget escapes the characters \,
|, /, :, ?, ", *, <,
>, and the control characters in the ranges 0--31 and 128--159.
In addition to this, Wget in Windows mode uses + instead of
: to separate host and port in local file names, and uses
@ instead of ? to separate the query portion of the file
name from the rest. Therefore, a URL that would be saved as
www.xemacs.org:4300/search.pl?input=blah in Unix mode would be
saved as www.xemacs.org+4300/search.pl@input=blah in Windows
mode. This mode is the default on Windows.
If you append ,nocontrol to the mode, as in
unix,nocontrol, escaping of the control characters is also
switched off. You can use --restrict-file-names=nocontrol to
turn off escaping of control characters without affecting the choice of
the OS to use as file name restriction mode.
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-4
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--inet4-only
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-6
|
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--inet6-only
|
Force connecting to IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. With --inet4-only
or -4, Wget will only connect to IPv4 hosts, ignoring AAAA
records in DNS, and refusing to connect to IPv6 addresses specified in
URLs. Conversely, with --inet6-only or -6, Wget will
only connect to IPv6 hosts and ignore A records and IPv4 addresses.
Neither options should be needed normally. By default, an IPv6-aware
Wget will use the address family specified by the hosts DNS record.
If the DNS responds with both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, Wget will try
them in sequence until it finds one it can connect to. (Also see
--prefer-family option described below.)
These options can be used to deliberately force the use of IPv4 or
IPv6 address families on dual family systems, usually to aid debugging
or to deal with broken network configuration. Only one of
--inet6-only and --inet4-only may be specified at the
same time. Neither option is available in Wget compiled without IPv6
support.
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--prefer-family=IPv4/IPv6/none
|
When given a choice of several addresses, connect to the addresses
with specified address family first. IPv4 addresses are preferred by
default.
This avoids spurious errors and connect attempts when accessing hosts
that resolve to both IPv6 and IPv4 addresses from IPv4 networks. For
example, www.kame.net resolves to
2001:200:0:8002:203:47ff:fea5:3085 and to
203.178.141.194. When the preferred family is IPv4, the
IPv4 address is used first; when the preferred family is IPv6,
the IPv6 address is used first; if the specified value is none,
the address order returned by DNS is used without change.
Unlike -4 and -6, this option doesnt inhibit access to
any address family, it only changes the order in which the
addresses are accessed. Also note that the reordering performed by
this option is stable---it doesnt affect order of addresses of
the same family. That is, the relative order of all IPv4 addresses
and of all IPv6 addresses remains intact in all cases.
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--retry-connrefused
|
Consider connection refused a transient error and try again.
Normally Wget gives up on a URL when it is unable to connect to the
site because failure to connect is taken as a sign that the server is
not running at all and that retries would not help. This option is
for mirroring unreliable sites whose servers tend to disappear for
short periods of time.
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--user=user
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--password=password
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Specify the username user and password password for both
FTP and HTTP file retrieval. These parameters can be overridden
using the --ftp-user and --ftp-password options for
FTP connections and the --http-user and --http-password
options for HTTP connections.
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Directory Options
Tag | Description |
-nd
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|
--no-directories
|
Do not create a hierarchy of directories when retrieving recursively.
With this option turned on, all files will get saved to the current
directory, without clobbering (if a name shows up more than once, the
filenames will get extensions .n).
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-x
|
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--force-directories
|
The opposite of -nd---create a hierarchy of directories, even if
one would not have been created otherwise. E.g. wget -x
http://fly.srk.fer.hr/robots.txt will save the downloaded file to
fly.srk.fer.hr/robots.txt.
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-nH
|
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--no-host-directories
|
Disable generation of host-prefixed directories. By default, invoking
Wget with -r http://fly.srk.fer.hr/ will create a structure of
directories beginning with fly.srk.fer.hr/. This option disables
such behavior.
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--protocol-directories
|
Use the protocol name as a directory component of local file names. For
example, with this option, wget -r http://host will save to
http/host/... rather than just to host/....
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--cut-dirs=number
|
Ignore number directory components. This is useful for getting a
fine-grained control over the directory where recursive retrieval will
be saved.
Take, for example, the directory at
ftp://ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/. If you retrieve it with
-r, it will be saved locally under
ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/. While the -nH option can
remove the ftp.xemacs.org/ part, you are still stuck with
pub/xemacs. This is where --cut-dirs comes in handy; it
makes Wget not see number remote directory components. Here
are several examples of how --cut-dirs option works.
No options -> ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/
-nH -> pub/xemacs/
-nH --cut-dirs=1 -> xemacs/
-nH --cut-dirs=2 -> .
|
--cut-dirs=1 -> ftp.xemacs.org/xemacs/
...
|
If you just want to get rid of the directory structure, this option is
similar to a combination of -nd and -P. However, unlike
-nd, --cut-dirs does not lose with subdirectories---for
instance, with -nH --cut-dirs=1, a beta/ subdirectory will
be placed to xemacs/beta, as one would expect.
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-P prefix
|
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--directory-prefix=prefix
|
Set directory prefix to prefix. The directory prefix is the
directory where all other files and subdirectories will be saved to,
i.e. the top of the retrieval tree. The default is . (the
current directory).
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HTTP Options
Tag | Description |
-E
|
|
--html-extension
|
If a file of type application/xhtml+xml or text/html is
downloaded and the URL does not end with the regexp
\.[Hh][Tt][Mm][Ll]?, this option will cause the suffix .html
to be appended to the local filename. This is useful, for instance, when
youre mirroring a remote site that uses .asp pages, but you want
the mirrored pages to be viewable on your stock Apache server. Another
good use for this is when youre downloading CGI-generated materials. A URL
like http://site.com/article.cgi?25 will be saved as
article.cgi?25.html.
Note that filenames changed in this way will be re-downloaded every time
you re-mirror a site, because Wget cant tell that the local
X.html file corresponds to remote URL X (since
it doesnt yet know that the URL produces output of type
text/html or application/xhtml+xml. To prevent this
re-downloading, you must use -k and -K so that the original
version of the file will be saved as X.orig.
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--http-user=user
|
|
--http-password=password
|
Specify the username user and password password on an
HTTP server. According to the type of the challenge, Wget will
encode them using either the basic (insecure),
the digest, or the Windows NTLM authentication scheme.
Another way to specify username and password is in the URL itself. Either method reveals your password to anyone who
bothers to run ps. To prevent the passwords from being seen,
store them in .wgetrc or .netrc, and make sure to protect
those files from other users with chmod. If the passwords are
really important, do not leave them lying in those files either---edit
the files and delete them after Wget has started the download.
|
--no-cache
|
Disable server-side cache. In this case, Wget will send the remote
server an appropriate directive (Pragma: no-cache) to get the
file from the remote service, rather than returning the cached version.
This is especially useful for retrieving and flushing out-of-date
documents on proxy servers.
Caching is allowed by default.
|
--no-cookies
|
Disable the use of cookies. Cookies are a mechanism for maintaining
server-side state. The server sends the client a cookie using the
Set-Cookie header, and the client responds with the same cookie
upon further requests. Since cookies allow the server owners to keep
track of visitors and for sites to exchange this information, some
consider them a breach of privacy. The default is to use cookies;
however, storing cookies is not on by default.
|
--load-cookies file
|
Load cookies from file before the first HTTP retrieval.
file is a textual file in the format originally used by Netscapes
cookies.txt file.
You will typically use this option when mirroring sites that require
that you be logged in to access some or all of their content. The login
process typically works by the web server issuing an HTTP cookie
upon receiving and verifying your credentials. The cookie is then
resent by the browser when accessing that part of the site, and so
proves your identity.
Mirroring such a site requires Wget to send the same cookies your
browser sends when communicating with the site. This is achieved by
--load-cookies---simply point Wget to the location of the
cookies.txt file, and it will send the same cookies your browser
would send in the same situation. Different browsers keep textual
cookie files in different locations:
Tag | Description |
Netscape 4.x.
|
The cookies are in ~/.netscape/cookies.txt.
|
Mozilla and Netscape 6.x.
|
Mozillas cookie file is also named cookies.txt, located
somewhere under ~/.mozilla, in the directory of your profile.
The full path usually ends up looking somewhat like
~/.mozilla/default/some-weird-string/cookies.txt.
|
Internet Explorer.
|
You can produce a cookie file Wget can use by using the File menu,
Import and Export, Export Cookies. This has been tested with Internet
Explorer 5; it is not guaranteed to work with earlier versions.
|
Other browsers.
|
If you are using a different browser to create your cookies,
--load-cookies will only work if you can locate or produce a
cookie file in the Netscape format that Wget expects.
|
If you cannot use --load-cookies, there might still be an
alternative. If your browser supports a cookie manager, you can use
it to view the cookies used when accessing the site youre mirroring.
Write down the name and value of the cookie, and manually instruct Wget
to send those cookies, bypassing the official cookie support:
wget --no-cookies --header "Cookie: <name>=<value>"
|
|
--save-cookies file
|
Save cookies to file before exiting. This will not save cookies
that have expired or that have no expiry time (so-called session
cookies), but also see --keep-session-cookies.
|
--keep-session-cookies
|
When specified, causes --save-cookies to also save session
cookies. Session cookies are normally not saved because they are
meant to be kept in memory and forgotten when you exit the browser.
Saving them is useful on sites that require you to log in or to visit
the home page before you can access some pages. With this option,
multiple Wget runs are considered a single browser session as far as
the site is concerned.
Since the cookie file format does not normally carry session cookies,
Wget marks them with an expiry timestamp of 0. Wgets
--load-cookies recognizes those as session cookies, but it might
confuse other browsers. Also note that cookies so loaded will be
treated as other session cookies, which means that if you want
--save-cookies to preserve them again, you must use
--keep-session-cookies again.
|
--ignore-length
|
Unfortunately, some HTTP servers (CGI programs, to be more
precise) send out bogus Content-Length headers, which makes Wget
go wild, as it thinks not all the document was retrieved. You can spot
this syndrome if Wget retries getting the same document again and again,
each time claiming that the (otherwise normal) connection has closed on
the very same byte.
With this option, Wget will ignore the Content-Length header---as
if it never existed.
|
--header=header-line
|
Send header-line along with the rest of the headers in each
HTTP request. The supplied header is sent as-is, which means it
must contain name and value separated by colon, and must not contain
newlines.
You may define more than one additional header by specifying
--header more than once.
wget --header=Accept-Charset: iso-8859-2\(aq \
--header=\(aqAccept-Language: hr\(aq \
http://fly.srk.fer.hr/
|
Specification of an empty string as the header value will clear all
previous user-defined headers.
As of Wget 1.10, this option can be used to override headers otherwise
generated automatically. This example instructs Wget to connect to
localhost, but to specify foo.bar in the Host header:
In versions of Wget prior to 1.10 such use of --header caused
sending of duplicate headers.
|
--max-redirect=number
|
Specifies the maximum number of redirections to follow for a resource.
The default is 20, which is usually far more than necessary. However, on
those occasions where you want to allow more (or fewer), this is the
option to use.
|
--proxy-user=user
|
|
--proxy-password=password
|
Specify the username user and password password for
authentication on a proxy server. Wget will encode them using the
basic authentication scheme.
Security considerations similar to those with --http-password
pertain here as well.
|
--referer=url
|
Include Referer: url header in HTTP request. Useful for
retrieving documents with server-side processing that assume they are
always being retrieved by interactive web browsers and only come out
properly when Referer is set to one of the pages that point to them.
|
--save-headers
|
Save the headers sent by the HTTP server to the file, preceding the
actual contents, with an empty line as the separator.
|
-U agent-string
|
|
--user-agent=agent-string
|
Identify as agent-string to the HTTP server.
The HTTP protocol allows the clients to identify themselves using a
User-Agent header field. This enables distinguishing the
WWW software, usually for statistical purposes or for tracing of
protocol violations. Wget normally identifies as
Wget/version, version being the current version
number of Wget.
However, some sites have been known to impose the policy of tailoring
the output according to the User-Agent-supplied information.
While this is not such a bad idea in theory, it has been abused by
servers denying information to clients other than (historically)
Netscape or, more frequently, Microsoft Internet Explorer. This
option allows you to change the User-Agent line issued by Wget.
Use of this option is discouraged, unless you really know what you are
doing.
Specifying empty user agent with --user-agent="" instructs Wget
not to send the User-Agent header in HTTP requests.
|
--post-data=string
|
|
--post-file=file
|
Use POST as the method for all HTTP requests and send the specified data
in the request body. --post-data sends string as data,
whereas --post-file sends the contents of file. Other than
that, they work in exactly the same way.
Please be aware that Wget needs to know the size of the POST data in
advance. Therefore the argument to --post-file must be a regular
file; specifying a FIFO or something like /dev/stdin wont work.
Its not quite clear how to work around this limitation inherent in
HTTP/1.0. Although HTTP/1.1 introduces chunked transfer that
doesnt require knowing the request length in advance, a client cant
use chunked unless it knows its talking to an HTTP/1.1 server. And it
cant know that until it receives a response, which in turn requires the
request to have been completed a chicken-and-egg problem.
Note: if Wget is redirected after the POST request is completed, it
will not send the POST data to the redirected URL. This is because
URLs that process POST often respond with a redirection to a regular
page, which does not desire or accept POST. It is not completely
clear that this behavior is optimal; if it doesnt work out, it might
be changed in the future.
This example shows how to log to a server using POST and then proceed to
download the desired pages, presumably only accessible to authorized
users:
# Log in to the server. This can be done only once.
wget --save-cookies cookies.txt \
--post-data \(aquser=foo&password=bar\(aq \
http://server.com/auth.php
|
If the server is using session cookies to track user authentication,
the above will not work because --save-cookies will not save
them (and neither will browsers) and the cookies.txt file will
be empty. In that case use --keep-session-cookies along with
--save-cookies to force saving of session cookies.
|
--content-disposition
|
If this is set to on, experimental (not fully-functional) support for
Content-Disposition headers is enabled. This can currently result in
extra round-trips to the server for a HEAD request, and is known
to suffer from a few bugs, which is why it is not currently enabled by default.
This option is useful for some file-downloading CGI programs that use
Content-Disposition headers to describe what the name of a
downloaded file should be.
|
--auth-no-challenge
|
If this option is given, Wget will send Basic HTTP authentication
information (plaintext username and password) for all requests, just
like Wget 1.10.2 and prior did by default.
Use of this option is not recommended, and is intended only to support
some few obscure servers, which never send HTTP authentication
challenges, but accept unsolicited auth info, say, in addition to
form-based authentication.
|
HTTPS (SSL/TLS) Options
To support encrypted HTTP (HTTPS) downloads, Wget must be compiled
with an external SSL library, currently OpenSSL. If Wget is compiled
without SSL support, none of these options are available.
Tag | Description |
--secure-protocol=protocol
|
Choose the secure protocol to be used. Legal values are auto,
SSLv2, SSLv3, and TLSv1. If auto is used,
the SSL library is given the liberty of choosing the appropriate
protocol automatically, which is achieved by sending an SSLv2 greeting
and announcing support for SSLv3 and TLSv1. This is the default.
Specifying SSLv2, SSLv3, or TLSv1 forces the use
of the corresponding protocol. This is useful when talking to old and
buggy SSL server implementations that make it hard for OpenSSL to
choose the correct protocol version. Fortunately, such servers are
quite rare.
|
--no-check-certificate
|
Dont check the server certificate against the available certificate
authorities. Also dont require the URL host name to match the common
name presented by the certificate.
As of Wget 1.10, the default is to verify the servers certificate
against the recognized certificate authorities, breaking the SSL
handshake and aborting the download if the verification fails.
Although this provides more secure downloads, it does break
interoperability with some sites that worked with previous Wget
versions, particularly those using self-signed, expired, or otherwise
invalid certificates. This option forces an insecure mode of
operation that turns the certificate verification errors into warnings
and allows you to proceed.
If you encounter certificate verification errors or ones saying
that common name doesnt match requested host name, you can use
this option to bypass the verification and proceed with the download.
Only use this option if you are otherwise convinced of the
sites authenticity, or if you really dont care about the validity of
its certificate. It is almost always a bad idea not to check the
certificates when transmitting confidential or important data.
|
--certificate=file
|
Use the client certificate stored in file. This is needed for
servers that are configured to require certificates from the clients
that connect to them. Normally a certificate is not required and this
switch is optional.
|
--certificate-type=type
|
Specify the type of the client certificate. Legal values are
PEM (assumed by default) and DER, also known as
ASN1.
|
--private-key=file
|
Read the private key from file. This allows you to provide the
private key in a file separate from the certificate.
|
--private-key-type=type
|
Specify the type of the private key. Accepted values are PEM
(the default) and DER.
|
--ca-certificate=file
|
Use file as the file with the bundle of certificate authorities
(CA) to verify the peers. The certificates must be in PEM format.
Without this option Wget looks for CA certificates at the
system-specified locations, chosen at OpenSSL installation time.
|
--ca-directory=directory
|
Specifies directory containing CA certificates in PEM format. Each
file contains one CA certificate, and the file name is based on a hash
value derived from the certificate. This is achieved by processing a
certificate directory with the c_rehash utility supplied with
OpenSSL. Using --ca-directory is more efficient than
--ca-certificate when many certificates are installed because
it allows Wget to fetch certificates on demand.
Without this option Wget looks for CA certificates at the
system-specified locations, chosen at OpenSSL installation time.
|
--random-file=file
|
Use file as the source of random data for seeding the
pseudo-random number generator on systems without /dev/random.
On such systems the SSL library needs an external source of randomness
to initialize. Randomness may be provided by EGD (see
--egd-file below) or read from an external source specified by
the user. If this option is not specified, Wget looks for random data
in $RANDFILE or, if that is unset, in $HOME/.rnd. If
none of those are available, it is likely that SSL encryption will not
be usable.
If youre getting the Could not seed OpenSSL PRNG; disabling SSL.
error, you should provide random data using some of the methods
described above.
|
--egd-file=file
|
Use file as the EGD socket. EGD stands for Entropy
Gathering Daemon, a user-space program that collects data from
various unpredictable system sources and makes it available to other
programs that might need it. Encryption software, such as the SSL
library, needs sources of non-repeating randomness to seed the random
number generator used to produce cryptographically strong keys.
OpenSSL allows the user to specify his own source of entropy using the
RAND_FILE environment variable. If this variable is unset, or
if the specified file does not produce enough randomness, OpenSSL will
read random data from EGD socket specified using this option.
If this option is not specified (and the equivalent startup command is
not used), EGD is never contacted. EGD is not needed on modern Unix
systems that support /dev/random.
|
FTP Options
Tag | Description |
--ftp-user=user
|
|
--ftp-password=password
|
Specify the username user and password password on an
FTP server. Without this, or the corresponding startup option,
the password defaults to -wget@, normally used for anonymous
FTP.
Another way to specify username and password is in the URL itself. Either method reveals your password to anyone who
bothers to run ps. To prevent the passwords from being seen,
store them in .wgetrc or .netrc, and make sure to protect
those files from other users with chmod. If the passwords are
really important, do not leave them lying in those files either---edit
the files and delete them after Wget has started the download.
|
--no-remove-listing
|
Dont remove the temporary .listing files generated by FTP
retrievals. Normally, these files contain the raw directory listings
received from FTP servers. Not removing them can be useful for
debugging purposes, or when you want to be able to easily check on the
contents of remote server directories (e.g. to verify that a mirror
youre running is complete).
Note that even though Wget writes to a known filename for this file,
this is not a security hole in the scenario of a user making
.listing a symbolic link to /etc/passwd or something and
asking root to run Wget in his or her directory. Depending on
the options used, either Wget will refuse to write to .listing,
making the globbing/recursion/time-stamping operation fail, or the
symbolic link will be deleted and replaced with the actual
.listing file, or the listing will be written to a
.listing.number file.
Even though this situation isnt a problem, though, root should
never run Wget in a non-trusted users directory. A user could do
something as simple as linking index.html to /etc/passwd
and asking root to run Wget with -N or -r so the file
will be overwritten.
|
--no-glob
|
Turn off FTP globbing. Globbing refers to the use of shell-like
special characters (wildcards), like *, ?, [
and ] to retrieve more than one file from the same directory at
once, like:
By default, globbing will be turned on if the URL contains a
globbing character. This option may be used to turn globbing on or off
permanently.
You may have to quote the URL to protect it from being expanded by
your shell. Globbing makes Wget look for a directory listing, which is
system-specific. This is why it currently works only with Unix FTP
servers (and the ones emulating Unix ls output).
|
--no-passive-ftp
|
Disable the use of the passive FTP transfer mode. Passive FTP
mandates that the client connect to the server to establish the data
connection rather than the other way around.
If the machine is connected to the Internet directly, both passive and
active FTP should work equally well. Behind most firewall and NAT
configurations passive FTP has a better chance of working. However,
in some rare firewall configurations, active FTP actually works when
passive FTP doesnt. If you suspect this to be the case, use this
option, or set passive_ftp=off in your init file.
|
--retr-symlinks
|
Usually, when retrieving FTP directories recursively and a symbolic
link is encountered, the linked-to file is not downloaded. Instead, a
matching symbolic link is created on the local filesystem. The
pointed-to file will not be downloaded unless this recursive retrieval
would have encountered it separately and downloaded it anyway.
When --retr-symlinks is specified, however, symbolic links are
traversed and the pointed-to files are retrieved. At this time, this
option does not cause Wget to traverse symlinks to directories and
recurse through them, but in the future it should be enhanced to do
this.
Note that when retrieving a file (not a directory) because it was
specified on the command-line, rather than because it was recursed to,
this option has no effect. Symbolic links are always traversed in this
case.
|
--no-http-keep-alive
|
Turn off the keep-alive feature for HTTP downloads. Normally, Wget
asks the server to keep the connection open so that, when you download
more than one document from the same server, they get transferred over
the same TCP connection. This saves time and at the same time reduces
the load on the server.
This option is useful when, for some reason, persistent (keep-alive)
connections dont work for you, for example due to a server bug or due
to the inability of server-side scripts to cope with the connections.
|
Recursive Retrieval Options
Tag | Description |
-r
|
|
--recursive
|
Turn on recursive retrieving.
|
-l depth
|
|
--level=depth
|
Specify recursion maximum depth level depth. The default maximum depth is 5.
|
--delete-after
|
This option tells Wget to delete every single file it downloads,
after having done so. It is useful for pre-fetching popular
pages through a proxy, e.g.:
The -r option is to retrieve recursively, and -nd to not
create directories.
Note that --delete-after deletes files on the local machine. It
does not issue the DELE command to remote FTP sites, for
instance. Also note that when --delete-after is specified,
--convert-links is ignored, so .orig files are simply not
created in the first place.
|
-k
|
|
--convert-links
|
After the download is complete, convert the links in the document to
make them suitable for local viewing. This affects not only the visible
hyperlinks, but any part of the document that links to external content,
such as embedded images, links to style sheets, hyperlinks to non-HTML
content, etc.
Each link will be changed in one of the two ways:
Tag | Description |
*
|
The links to files that have been downloaded by Wget will be changed to
refer to the file they point to as a relative link.
Example: if the downloaded file /foo/doc.html links to
/bar/img.gif, also downloaded, then the link in doc.html
will be modified to point to ../bar/img.gif. This kind of
transformation works reliably for arbitrary combinations of directories.
|
*
|
The links to files that have not been downloaded by Wget will be changed
to include host name and absolute path of the location they point to.
Example: if the downloaded file /foo/doc.html links to
/bar/img.gif (or to ../bar/img.gif), then the link in
doc.html will be modified to point to
http://hostname/bar/img.gif.
|
Because of this, local browsing works reliably: if a linked file was
downloaded, the link will refer to its local name; if it was not
downloaded, the link will refer to its full Internet address rather than
presenting a broken link. The fact that the former links are converted
to relative links ensures that you can move the downloaded hierarchy to
another directory.
Note that only at the end of the download can Wget know which links have
been downloaded. Because of that, the work done by -k will be
performed at the end of all the downloads.
|
-K
|
|
--backup-converted
|
When converting a file, back up the original version with a .orig
suffix. Affects the behavior of -N.
|
-m
|
|
--mirror
|
Turn on options suitable for mirroring. This option turns on recursion
and time-stamping, sets infinite recursion depth and keeps FTP
directory listings. It is currently equivalent to
-r -N -l inf --no-remove-listing.
|
-p
|
|
--page-requisites
|
This option causes Wget to download all the files that are necessary to
properly display a given HTML page. This includes such things as
inlined images, sounds, and referenced stylesheets.
Ordinarily, when downloading a single HTML page, any requisite documents
that may be needed to display it properly are not downloaded. Using
-r together with -l can help, but since Wget does not
ordinarily distinguish between external and inlined documents, one is
generally left with leaf documents that are missing their
requisites.
For instance, say document 1.html contains an <IMG> tag
referencing 1.gif and an <A> tag pointing to external
document 2.html. Say that 2.html is similar but that its
image is 2.gif and it links to 3.html. Say this
continues up to some arbitrarily high number.
If one executes the command:
wget -r -l 2 http://<site>/1.html
|
then 1.html, 1.gif, 2.html, 2.gif, and
3.html will be downloaded. As you can see, 3.html is
without its requisite 3.gif because Wget is simply counting the
number of hops (up to 2) away from 1.html in order to determine
where to stop the recursion. However, with this command:
wget -r -l 2 -p http://<site>/1.html
|
all the above files and 3.htmls requisite 3.gif
will be downloaded. Similarly,
wget -r -l 1 -p http://<site>/1.html
|
will cause 1.html, 1.gif, 2.html, and 2.gif
to be downloaded. One might think that:
wget -r -l 0 -p http://<site>/1.html
|
would download just 1.html and 1.gif, but unfortunately
this is not the case, because -l 0 is equivalent to
-l inf---that is, infinite recursion. To download a single HTML
page (or a handful of them, all specified on the command-line or in a
-i URL input file) and its (or their) requisites, simply leave off
-r and -l:
wget -p http://<site>/1.html
|
Note that Wget will behave as if -r had been specified, but only
that single page and its requisites will be downloaded. Links from that
page to external documents will not be followed. Actually, to download
a single page and all its requisites (even if they exist on separate
websites), and make sure the lot displays properly locally, this author
likes to use a few options in addition to -p:
wget -E -H -k -K -p http://<site>/<document>
|
To finish off this topic, its worth knowing that Wgets idea of an
external document link is any URL specified in an <A> tag, an
<AREA> tag, or a <LINK> tag other than <LINK
REL="stylesheet">.
|
--strict-comments
|
Turn on strict parsing of HTML comments. The default is to terminate
comments at the first occurrence of -->.
According to specifications, HTML comments are expressed as SGML
declarations. Declaration is special markup that begins with
<! and ends with >, such as <!DOCTYPE ...>, that
may contain comments between a pair of -- delimiters. HTML
comments are empty declarations, SGML declarations without any
non-comment text. Therefore, <!--foo> is a valid comment, and
so is <!--one --two>, but <!--1--2--> is not.
On the other hand, most HTML writers dont perceive comments as anything
other than text delimited with <!-- and -->, which is not
quite the same. For example, something like <!------------>
works as a valid comment as long as the number of dashes is a multiple
of four (!). If not, the comment technically lasts until the next
--, which may be at the other end of the document. Because of
this, many popular browsers completely ignore the specification and
implement what users have come to expect: comments delimited with
<!-- and -->.
Until version 1.9, Wget interpreted comments strictly, which resulted in
missing links in many web pages that displayed fine in browsers, but had
the misfortune of containing non-compliant comments. Beginning with
version 1.9, Wget has joined the ranks of clients that implements
naive comments, terminating each comment at the first occurrence of
-->.
If, for whatever reason, you want strict comment parsing, use this
option to turn it on.
|
Recursive Accept/Reject Options
Tag | Description |
-A acclist --accept acclist
|
|
-R rejlist --reject rejlist
|
Specify comma-separated lists of file name suffixes or patterns to
accept or reject. Note that if
any of the wildcard characters, *, ?, [ or
], appear in an element of acclist or rejlist,
it will be treated as a pattern, rather than a suffix.
|
-D domain-list
|
|
--domains=domain-list
|
Set domains to be followed. domain-list is a comma-separated list
of domains. Note that it does not turn on -H.
|
--exclude-domains domain-list
|
Specify the domains that are not to be followed..
|
--follow-ftp
|
Follow FTP links from HTML documents. Without this option,
Wget will ignore all the FTP links.
|
--follow-tags=list
|
Wget has an internal table of HTML tag / attribute pairs that it
considers when looking for linked documents during a recursive
retrieval. If a user wants only a subset of those tags to be
considered, however, he or she should be specify such tags in a
comma-separated list with this option.
|
--ignore-tags=list
|
This is the opposite of the --follow-tags option. To skip
certain HTML tags when recursively looking for documents to download,
specify them in a comma-separated list.
In the past, this option was the best bet for downloading a single page
and its requisites, using a command-line like:
wget --ignore-tags=a,area -H -k -K -r http://<site>/<document>
|
However, the author of this option came across a page with tags like
<LINK REL="home" HREF="/"> and came to the realization that
specifying tags to ignore was not enough. One cant just tell Wget to
ignore <LINK>, because then stylesheets will not be downloaded.
Now the best bet for downloading a single page and its requisites is the
dedicated --page-requisites option.
|
--ignore-case
|
Ignore case when matching files and directories. This influences the
behavior of -R, -A, -I, and -X options, as well as globbing
implemented when downloading from FTP sites. For example, with this
option, -A *.txt will match file1.txt, but also
file2.TXT, file3.TxT, and so on.
|
-H
|
|
--span-hosts
|
Enable spanning across hosts when doing recursive retrieving.
|
-L
|
|
--relative
|
Follow relative links only. Useful for retrieving a specific home page
without any distractions, not even those from the same hosts.
|
-I list
|
|
--include-directories=list
|
Specify a comma-separated list of directories you wish to follow when
downloading. Elements
of list may contain wildcards.
|
-X list
|
|
--exclude-directories=list
|
Specify a comma-separated list of directories you wish to exclude from
download. Elements of
list may contain wildcards.
|
-np
|
|
--no-parent
|
Do not ever ascend to the parent directory when retrieving recursively.
This is a useful option, since it guarantees that only the files
below a certain hierarchy will be downloaded.
|
FILES
Tag | Description |
/etc/wgetrc
|
Default location of the global startup file.
|
.wgetrc
|
User startup file.
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BUGS
You are welcome to submit bug reports via the GNU Wget bug tracker (see
<http://wget.addictivecode.org/BugTracker>).
Before actually submitting a bug report, please try to follow a few
simple guidelines.
Tag | Description |
1.
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Please try to ascertain that the behavior you see really is a bug. If
Wget crashes, its a bug. If Wget does not behave as documented,
its a bug. If things work strange, but you are not sure about the way
they are supposed to work, it might well be a bug, but you might want to
double-check the documentation and the mailing lists.
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2.
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Try to repeat the bug in as simple circumstances as possible. E.g. if
Wget crashes while downloading wget -rl0 -kKE -t5 --no-proxy
http://yoyodyne.com -o /tmp/log, you should try to see if the crash is
repeatable, and if will occur with a simpler set of options. You might
even try to start the download at the page where the crash occurred to
see if that page somehow triggered the crash.
Also, while I will probably be interested to know the contents of your
.wgetrc file, just dumping it into the debug message is probably
a bad idea. Instead, you should first try to see if the bug repeats
with .wgetrc moved out of the way. Only if it turns out that
.wgetrc settings affect the bug, mail me the relevant parts of
the file.
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3.
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Please start Wget with -d option and send us the resulting
output (or relevant parts thereof). If Wget was compiled without
debug support, recompile it---it is much easier to trace bugs
with debug support on.
Note: please make sure to remove any potentially sensitive information
from the debug log before sending it to the bug address. The
-d wont go out of its way to collect sensitive information,
but the log will contain a fairly complete transcript of Wgets
communication with the server, which may include passwords and pieces
of downloaded data. Since the bug address is publically archived, you
may assume that all bug reports are visible to the public.
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4.
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If Wget has crashed, try to run it in a debugger, e.g. gdb which
wget core and type where to get the backtrace. This may not
work if the system administrator has disabled core files, but it is
safe to try.
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SEE ALSO
This is not the complete manual for GNU Wget.
For more complete information, including more detailed explanations of
some of the options, and a number of commands available
for use with .wgetrc files and the -e option, see the GNU
Info entry for wget.
AUTHOR
Originally written by Hrvoje Niksic <hniksic@xemacs.org>.
Currently maintained by Micah Cowan <micah@cowan.name>.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003,
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free
Documentation License.
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